animemodel

pvc figure anime organisms have long been a mainstay of basic and applied research in the life sciences. Among model organisms, it is model animals that have had a central place in medical research and in pharmaceutical and biotechnology company research, including drug discovery, preclinical studies, and toxicology. Although pharmaceutical companies have long employed animal models based on such mammalian species as mice and rats, dogs, cats, pigs, and primates, more recently the pharmaceutical/biotechnology industry has also adopted several invertebrate and lower vertebrate animal models that have emerged from academic laboratories. These animal models include the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila, and the zebrafish. The adoption of invertebrate and zebrafish animal models by industry has been driven by the advent of genomics, especially the finding that not only genes, but also pathways, tend to be conserved during evolution.

Researchers use animal models in basic research, in developing new therapeutic strategies for treating human diseases, and in drug discovery research (including target identification and validation, drug screening and lead optimization, and toxicity and safety screening), as well as in preclinical studies of drug safety and efficacy. The use of anime stuff in developing novel therapeutic strategies for human diseases overlaps with basic research that uses animal models to understand physiological and disease pathways. But its aim is to achieve knowledge of pathways and targets in a disease that leads to the development of new paradigms for discovery and development of drugs or other therapeutics. It thus also overlaps with use of animal models in drug discovery. The use of animal models in development of novel therapeutic strategies is the main emphasis of this report.

The creation of new animal models is an important part of animal-based therapeutic strategy research. A major reason why the pharmaceutical/biotechnology industry needs new animal models is because poorly predictive animal models are a major cause of drug attrition during development. most human diseases involve interactions between multiple organs and tissues.  Information derived from cellular models, and in some cases the cells themselves, may also be used to design new animal models to more faithfully model human diseases.

The final section of Chapter 1 discusses the issue of figures model, which is an important consideration in research involving animals. The United States and various European countries, as well as other jurisdictions (national and local), have sets of animal welfare regulations. Central to these regulations is implementation of the 3Rs (Reduction, Refinement, and Replacement.) Academic and corporate research organizations have been incorporating these regulations into their research practices.